STRATEGY 390 Corporate Strategy Fall 2023: Final Steps & Citation Help

For your STRATEGY 390 project paper you are being asked to provide citations in the form of endnotes.  Here's is the Endnote entry from the Harvard Business School Citation Guide:

Citations can appear in three main forms: footnotes (or endnotes), source lines, and bibliographies. Each form contains similar information arranged in different ways. Footnotes and endnotes have the same function—to cite the exact page of a source you refer to in your paper. The only difference between footnotes and endnotes is placement: footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, whereas endnotes appear at the end of the document.

The main characteristics of footnotes and endnotes are as follows:

1. • They are preceded by a number.
2. • The author’s name is in natural order.
3. • The elements of the citation are separated by commas.

The following examples show a quotation and its corresponding footnote or endnote:

Quotation cited in text

Sahlman says, “Taking advantage of arbitrage opportunities is a viable and potentially profitable way to enter a business.” 32

Corresponding footnote or endnote

32 William A. Sahlman, “How to Write a Great Business Plan,” Harvard Business Review 75 (July–August 1997), 103. S

Endnotes are not included in the page count. A good example of effective endnote use is the HBS case from the course: 

Yoffie, David B., and Renee Kim. "Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2010." Harvard Business School Case 711-462, December 2010. (Revised May 2011.)

There is considerable discussion about how and when to cite large language models such as ChatGPT.  This discussion is ongoing and changing, so we recommend that you consult specific style guides, such as MLA, APA and Chicago, to get the most current guidelines.  We also highly recommend the University of Waterloo citation guide as it is extremely comprehensive and illustrative.   Here are quick examples for citing ChatGPT in MLA and APA citation styles:

• MLA Format: "Description of chat" prompt.  Name of the AI tool, version of the AI tool, Company, Date of chat, URL.
• MLA Example: "Examples of harm reduction initiatives" prompt. ChatGPT, 23 Mar. version, OpenAI.  4 Mar 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

• APA Format: Author. (Date). Name of tool (Version of tool) [Large language model]. URL.
• APA Example: OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

Currently both IEEE and JAMA styles do not recognize citations to ChatGPT or other large language models.  IEEE and JAMA styles only recognize content created by humans and exclude content created by artificial intelligence.  As this conversation around citing AI tools continues, these positions may change so please consult IEEE and JAMA styles directly.